Routing

• Basics
• Route parameters
• Route middleware
  • Defining middleware
  • Assigning middleware
  • Middleware priority
• Route constraints
  • Defining constraints
  • Assigning constraints
• Route groups
• Reverse routing
• Faking request methods

The Mako router lets you map URL patterns to class methods and closures. It also allows you to perform reverse routing so that you don't have to hardcode URLs in your application.

Routes are registered in the app/routing/routes.php file and there are three variables available in the scope, $routes (the route collection) and $app (the application instance) and $container (the IoC container instance).

Basics

The following route will forward all GET requests to the / route to the welcome method of the app\controllers\Homecontroller class.

$routes->get('/', 'app\controllers\Home::welcome');

If you want the route to respond to POST requests instead then you'll have to use the post method.

$routes->post('/', 'app\controllers\Home::welcome');

The available methods are get, post, put, patch, and delete.

You can also make a route respond to all request methods using the all method.

$routes->all('/', 'app\controllers\Home::welcome');

All routes respond to requests made using the OPTIONS request method. GET routes will also respond to HEAD requests.

It is also possible to register a route that responds to a custom set of request methods using the register method.

$routes->register(['GET', 'POST'], '/', 'app\controllers\Home::welcome');

As previously mentioned, routes can also point to closures instead of class methods.

$routes->get('/hello-world', function()
{
	return 'Hello, world!';
});

Route parameters

You'll often want to send parameters to your route actions. This can easily be achieved using the following syntax.

$routes->get('/articles/{id}', function($id)
{
	return $id;
});

Parameters can be marked as optional by suffixing them with a question mark (?).

$routes->get('/articles/{id}/{slug}?', function($id, $slug = null)
{
	return $id . ' ' . $slug;
});

Parameters will match any character except for slashes (/); however, you can define your own custom parameter patterns using the patterns method.

$routes->get('/articles/{id}', function($id)
{
	return 'article ' . $id;
})
->patterns(['id' => '[0-9]+']);

Closure actions get executed by the Container::call() method so all dependencies are automatically injected.

$routes->get('/article/{id}', function(ViewFactory $view, $id)
{
	return $view->render('article', ['id' => $id]);
})
->patterns(['id' => '[0-9]+']);

Route middleware

Route middleware allows you to alter the request and response both before and after a route action gets executed.

Defining middleware

All middleware must implement the MiddlewareInterface. Mako includes a partial implementation that can be extended.

The example below is the most basic middleware implementation (it doesn't actually do anything).

<?php

namespace app\routing\middleware;

use Closure;

use mako\http\Request;
use mako\http\Response;
use mako\http\routing\middleware\Middleware;

class PassthroughMiddleware extends Middleware
{
	public function execute(Request $request, Response $response, Closure $next): Response
	{
		return $next($request, $response);
	}
}

Middleware has to be registered in the app/routing/middleware.php file before you can use them. There are three variables available in the scope, $dispatcher (the route dispatcher), $app (the application instance) and $container (the IoC container instance).

$dispatcher->registerMiddleware('passthrough', PassthroughMiddleware::class);

In the next example we'll create a middleware that returns a cached response if possible.

Note that all middleware is instantiated through the dependency injection container so you can easily inject your dependencies through the constructor.

<?php

namespace app\routing\middleware;

use Closure;

use mako\cache\CacheManager;
use mako\http\Request;
use mako\http\Response;
use mako\http\routing\middleware\Middleware;

class CacheMiddleware extends Middleware
{
	protected $cache;

	public function __construct(CacheManager $cache)
	{
		$this->cache = $cache;
	}

	public function execute(Request $request, Response $response, Closure $next): Response
	{
		if(this->cache->has('route.' . $request->path()))
		{
			return $response->body($cache->get('route.' . $request->path()));
		}

		$response = $next($request, $response);

		$this->cache->put('route.' . $request->path(), $response->getBody(), 60 * $this->getParameter('minutes', 10));

		return $response;
	}
}

The cache example above is very basic and should probably not be used in a production environment.

Assigning middleware

Assigning middleware to a route is done using the middleware method. You can also pass an array of middleware if your route requires multiple middleware. Middleware will get executed in the order that they are assigned.

$routes->get('/articles/{id}', 'app\controllers\Articles::view')
->patterns(['id' => '[0-9]+'])
->middleware('cache');

You can also pass parameters to your middleware. Parameters are parsed as JSON so booleans, strings, arrays, objects (associative arrays), null and numeric values are valid.

In the example below we're telling the middleware to cache the response for 60 minutes instead of the default 10.

$routes->get('/articles/{id}', 'app\controllers\Articles::view')
->patterns(['id' => '[0-9]+'])
->middleware('cache("minutes":60)');

In the example above we created a middleware that uses named parameters; however, you can also use unnamed parameters (cache(60)).

Note that if you use unnamed parameters then you'll have to use numeric keys to access the parameters in the middleware class.

If you have middleware that you want to assign to all your routes then you can set them as global.

$dispatcher->setMiddlewareAsGlobal(['cache']);

Middleware priority

As mentioned above, middleware get executed in the order that they are assigned to the route. You can however dictate the execution order by configuring middleware priority.

You can set the middleware priority while registering the middleware using the optional third parameter of the registerMiddleware method.

$dispatcher->registerMiddleware('cache', CacheMiddleware::class, 1);
$dispatcher->registerMiddleware('passthrough', PassthroughMiddleware::class, 2);

Or you can set the priority of all your middleware using the setMiddlewarePriority method.

$dispatcher->setMiddlewarePriority(['cache' => 1, 'passthrough' => 2]);

In both examples above we're making sure that the cache middleware gets executed first, followed by the passthrough middleware.

You can use middleware priority without having to configure all your middleware. Non-configured middleware will be assigned a default priority of 100. This means that if you have a middleware that you want executed last then you can set its priority to a value of 101 or above.

Route constraints

Route constraints allow you to set additional requirements that must be met before a route is matched.

Defining constraints

All constraints must implement the ConstraintInterface. Mako includes a partial implementation that can be extended.

Note that all constraints are instantiated through the dependency injection container so you can easily inject your dependencies through the constructor.

The following constraint will match a route if the X-Api-Version header matches the desired version. A default value of 2.0 is assumed if no header is present.

<?php

namespace app\routing\constraints;

use mako\http\Request;
use mako\http\routing\constraints\Constraint;

class ApiVersionConstraint extends Constraint
{
	protected $request;

	public function __construct(Request $request)
	{
		$this->request = $request;
	}

	public function isSatisfied(): bool
	{
		return $this->request->headers->get('X-Api-Version', '2.0') === $this->getParameter();
	}
}

Constraints have to be registered in the app/routing/constraints.php file before you can use them. There are three variables available in the scope, $router (the router), $app (the application instance) and $container (the IoC container instance).

$router->registerConstraint('api_version', ApiVersionConstraint::class);

Assigning constraints

Assigning constraints to a route is done using the constraint method. You can also pass an array of constraints if your route requires multiple constraints.

$routes->get('/', 'Api2::index')->constraint('api_version("2.0")');
$routes->get('/', 'Api1::index')->constraint('api_version("1.0")');

The first route will be matched if no X-Api-Version header is present or if the value equals 2.0. The second route will be matched if the header value is set to 1.0.

In the example above we used unnamed parameters for our constraints. You can also use named constraints (api_version("version":"2.0")).

Note that if you use named parameters then you'll have to use the parameter names to access the parameters in the constraint class.

If you have constraints that you want to assign to all your routes then you can set them as global.

$router->setConstraintAsGlobal(['api_version("2.0")']);

Route groups

Route groups are useful when you have a set of routes with the same settings.

$options =
[

	'middleware' => 'cache',
	'patterns'   => ['id' => '[0-9]+'],
	'namespace'  => 'app\controllers',
];

$routes->group($options, function($routes)
{
	$routes->get('/articles/{id}', 'Articles::view');

	$routes->get('/photos/{id}', 'Photos::view');
});

All routes within the group will now use the same middleware, regex pattern and namespace. You can also nest groups if needed.

The following options are available when creating a route group. They are also available as chainable methods on individual routes.

Reverse routing

You can assign names to your routes when you define them. This will allow you to perform reverse routing, thus removing the need of hardcoding URLs in your project.

$routes->get('/', 'Home::Welcome', 'home');

The route in the example above has been named home and we can now create a URL to the route using the toRoute method of the URLBuilder class.

<a href="{{$urlBuilder->toRoute('home')}}">Home</a>

You can also pass parameters to your route URLs.

<a href="{{$urlBuilder->toRoute('articles.view', ['id' => 1])">Article</a>

Faking request methods

Most browsers only support sending GET and POST requests. You can get around this limitation by performing a POST request including a REQUEST_METHOD_OVERRIDE field where you specify the request method you want to use.

<input type="hidden" name="REQUEST_METHOD_OVERRIDE" value="DELETE">

Another solution is to send a X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE header.